Fibrina rica em plaquetas injetável (I-PRF): caracterização celular, morfológica e proteica / Injectable platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF): cellular, morphological and protein characterization

Estudos experimentais demonstram o efeito da fibrina rica em plaquetas (PRF) nas técnicas de regeneração tecidual otimizando o processo de reparo; podendo ser utilizada na forma líquida (i-PRF). O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi determinar a composição celular do i-PRF, caracterizar sua morfologia a nível microscópico, investigar a expressão de proteínas envolvidas no processo de reparo e avaliar sua interação com um material biocerâmico a partir de um modelo in vitro. Materiais e métodos: Foram colhidas amostras sanguíneas de 15 voluntários humanos para comparação dos constituintes celulares entre o i-PRF e o sangue periférico. Amostras de i-PRF e de coágulos sanguíneos foram cultivadas in vitro durante 10 dias. O sobrenadante das amostras foi colhido nos intervalos 1h, 8h, 24h, 3 dias e 10 dias para quantificação dos fatores de crescimento PDGF-AB e VEGF por ELISA. Amostras foram tratadas histologicamente para caracterização morfológica e submetidas à marcação imuno-histoquímica para as proteínas IL-10, OC e TGF-ß. Investigou-se a expressão gênica do fator de transcrição Colágeno tipo 1. Foram preparadas amostras do i-PRF misturadas com cerâmica bioativa granulada (HA/ß-TCP) para avaliação da interação entre esses compostos através MEV. Resultados: Observou-se maior concentração de leucócitos (8.124 ± 1.419) e plaquetas (3.96x105 ± 0.72) no i-PRF em comparação ao sangue periférico (p <0.001), com uma maior proporção de linfócitos (60%) no i-PRF. Maiores níveis de VEGF foram liberados a partir do coágulo sanguíneo (1933 ± 704) em relação ao i-PRF (852 ± 376; p <0.001). Não foram observadas diferenças entre os níveis de PDGF-AB. Ensaio imuno-histoquímico demonstrou imunomarcação para TGF-ß, IL-10 e Osteocalcina no grupo i-PRF. Análises por RT-PCR demonstraram aumento da expressão de Colágeno tipo 1 no grupo do i-PRF. Microscopicamente observou-se a formação de grandes aglomerados de plaquetas e fibrina e uma rede de fibrina em distribuição tridimensional espacial com a presença de linfócitos distribuídos de forma homogênea. As imagens por MEV apresentaram boa integração entre os grânulos de cerâmica e a malha de fibrina formada pelo i-PRF. Conclusões: Análises morfológicas revelaram que o processo de produção do i-PRF resulta em uma rede tridimensional de fibrina a qual incorpora plaquetas, leucócitos, colágeno tipo I, osteocalcina e fatores de crescimento. Assim, o i-PRF torna-se uma boa abordagem como um material líquido para ser associado a outros biomateriais (AU).

One of the great challenges of clinical research is the development of new biomaterials that aid in tissue regeneration and accelerate the healing process. Experimental studies demonstrate the effect of platelet rich fibrin (PRF) on tissue regeneration techniques thereby optimizing the repair process, and can also be used in liquid form (i-PRF). The objective of this research was to determine the cellular composition of i-PRF, to characterize its morphology at a microscopic level, to investigate the expression of proteins involved in the repair process and to evaluate its interaction with a bioceramic material from an in vitro model. Materials and methods: Blood samples were collected from 15 human volunteers to compare the cellular constituents between i-PRF and peripheral blood. I-PRF and blood clot samples were cultured in vitro for 10 days. The supernatant of the samples was collected at intervals of 1h, 8h, 24h, 3 days and 10 days for quantification of PDGF-AB and VEGF growth factors by ELISA. Samples were histologically treated for morphological characterization and submitted to the immunohistochemical methodology for the labeling of IL-10, OC and TGF-ß proteins. The gene expression of collagen transcription factor type 1 was investigated. I-PRF samples mixed with granular bioactive ceramics (HA/ß-TCP) were prepared to evaluate the interaction between these compounds through SEM. Results: A higher concentration of leukocytes (8.124 ± 1.419) and platelets (3.96x105 ± 0.72) in i-PRF compared to peripheral blood (p <0.001) was observed, with a higher proportion of lymphocytes (60%) in i-PRF. Higher levels of VEGF were released from the blood clot (1933 ± 704) compared to i-PRF (852 ± 376; p <0.001); no differences were observed between PDGF-AB levels. Immunohistochemical assay demonstrated expression for TGF-ß, IL-10 and Osteocalcin in the i-PRF group. RT-PCR analysis showed increased expression of collagen type 1 in the i-PRF group. The formation of large platelets, fibrin clusters and a fibrin network in a three-dimensional spatial and homogeneous distribution were observed microscopically. SEM images showed good integration between the ceramic granules and the fibrin mesh formed by i-PRF. Conclusions: Morphological analyses revealed that the slow polymerization of i-PRF results in a three-dimensional fibrin network embedding platelets, leukocytes, type I collagen, osteocalcin, and growth factors. Thus, i-PRF becomes a good approach as an injectable material to be associated with other biomaterials (AU).

Medición de parámetros asociados al síndrome metabólico en alumnos de enfermería en Taxco, México / Measurement of parameters associated with metabolic syndrome in nursing students from Taxco, México / Medição de parâmetros associados à síndrome metabólica em estudantes de enfermagem em Taxco, México

RESUMEN Objetivo Medir los parámetros relacionados con el síndrome metabólico (historias clínicas, medidas antropométricas y muestras bioquímicas) de 50 estudiantes de enfermería. Material y Métodos En esta obra participaron bajo su consentimiento informado, 50 alumnos del primer año de la Licenciatura en Enfermería en la Unidad Académica No. 4 de la Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, México. Se elaboraron historias clínicas, se registraron variables antropométricas (peso, índice de masa corporal, y medición de cintura), se tomaron muestras bioquímicas (colesterol HDL, triglicéridos y glucosa), y se anotó la tensión arterial del grupo en cuestión. Finalmente, se utilizó estadística descriptiva para explicar los resultados. Resultados Se encontraron tres parámetros que sobrepasaron los límites estándares normales establecidos; mismos que se encuentran asociados al síndrome metabólico. Éstos parámetros fueron el índice de masa corporal con sobrepeso y obesidad en el 62% del universo (31 casos), las medidas de la cintura altos en el 52% del total (26 estudiantes), y el colesterol HDL bajo en el 72% de los casos (36 alumnos). Conclusiones Finalmente, los resultados analizados confirman cómo el 26% (13 estudiantes) presentaron el síndrome metabólico, ya que registraron tres o más parámetros de forma conjunta fuera del rango permitido o normal. Estos alumnos pueden encontrarse en riesgo de contraer, a mediano y largo plazo, afecciones crónicas graves relacionadas con dicho síndrome, tales como las enfermedades cardiovasculares, y/o diabetes.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To measure the parameters and results related to metabolic syndrome (clinical records, anthropometric measurements and biochemical samples) in the group of students in question. Material and Methods Fifty first-year students of the Bachelor of Nursing at the Academic Unit No. 4 of the Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, México, participated in this study and provided their informed consent. Medical records were prepared, while anthropometric variables (weight, body mass index and waist measurement) were recorded. Biochemical samples (HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose) and blood pressure were taken. Finally, descriptive statistics were used to explain the results. Results Regarding the findings, three parameters exceeded the normal standards limits. These parameters were associated with metabolic syndrome and included overweight and obesity in 62% of the sample (n=31), high waist measurements in 52% (n=26), and low HDL cholesterol in 72% (n=36). Conclusions The analyzed results confirm that 26% (13 students) of the sample presented with metabolic syndrome, as they had three or more parameters above the normal range. These students may be at medium- and long-term risk for serious chronic conditions related to the metabolic syndrome, such as cardiovascular diseases and/or diabetes.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivo Medir os parâmetros relacionados à síndrome metabólica (prontuários, medidas antropométricas e amostras bioquímicas) de 50 estudantes de enfermagem. Material e métodos Neste trabalho, com seu consentimento informado, participaram 50 estudantes do primeiro ano do Curso de Enfermagem da Unidade Acadêmica nº 4 da Universidade Autônoma de Guerrero, México. Foram elaborados históricos médicos, anotadas as variáveis ​​antropométricas (peso, índice de massa corporal e medida da cintura), colhidas amostras bioquímicas (colesterol HDL, triglicerídeos e glicose) e anotada a pressão arterial do grupo em questão. Por fim, a estatística descritiva foi utilizada para explicar os resultados. Resultados Foram encontrados três parâmetros que ultrapassaram os limites do padrão normal estabelecido; os mesmos que estão associados à síndrome metabólica. Esses parâmetros foram índice de massa corporal sobrepeso e obesidade em 62% do universo (31 casos), medidas de cintura alta em 52% do total (26 alunos) e baixo colesterol HDL em 72% dos os casos (36 alunos). Conclusões Por fim, os resultados analisados ​​confirmam como 26% (13 alunos) apresentaram a síndrome metabólica, pois registraram três ou mais parâmetros juntos fora da faixa permitida ou normal. Esses alunos podem estar sob risco de contrair, a médio e longo prazo, condições crônicas graves relacionadas a essa síndrome, como doenças cardiovasculares e / ou diabetes.(AU)

Time collection and storage conditions of lipid profile

The stability of samples is crucial for getting reliable concentrations of many analytes, including lipid profile. Thus, the goal of this study was to analyze lipid profile under different storage and temperature conditions. This was a prospective study with 809 patients of both genders. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein were measured within 1 h from collection at room temperature, after 2-3 h of refrigeration (8°C) and after 4-5 h at room temperature. The processing time and storage conditions did not affect the analytes measured. These findings are important for multicenter studies, because of the difficulties related to centrifugation and freezing of samples immediately after collection.

Variáveis antropométricas e de composição corporal como preditores de risco cardiovascular e da síndrome metabólica em adolescentes / Anthropometric and body composition variables as predictors of cardiovascular risk and metabolic syndrome in adolescents

Introdução: Na triagem de indivíduos em risco de desenvolvimento de fatores de risco cardiovasculares e da síndrome metabólica, a antropometria surge como uma alternativa ao Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), que pode ser utilizada para avaliar a composição corporal e perímetros. Assim, objetivou-se verificar a capacidade das medidas antropométricas, principalmente o perímetro do pescoço (PP) em predizer fatores de risco cardiovascular e síndrome metabólica em adolescentes. Método: Coletaram-se dados referentes à glicemia, colesterol total e frações, triglicerídeos e pressão arterial em 85 adolescentes de 11 a 15 anos, de escolas públicas de Alegre (ES). O percentual de gordura corporal (%GC) foi avaliado pela bioimpedância vertical bipolar. Resultados: Com base na curva ROC, as variáveis antropométricas perímetro do pescoço (PP), PC, IMC e %GC demonstraram ser eficazes no diagnóstico da síndrome metabólica, principalmente o PP. Quanto ao estado nutricional, 76%, 21% e 30%, respectivamente, apresentaram eutrofia, excesso de peso e alto %GC. O %GC, o perímetro da cintura (PC) e relação cintura-estatura (RCE) apresentaram valores mais elevados no sexo feminino em relação ao masculino. O colesterol total foi o que apresentou maior percentual de inadequação (37%), seguido dos triglicerídeos (18%). A prevalência geral da síndrome metabólica foi de 2,35%, sendo observada somente no sexo masculino (6,25%). Conclusão: O PP, o IMC, o %GC, o PC e a RCE são bons preditores de alterações metabólicas em adolescentes. Assim, essas medidas devem ser usadas em conjunto na avaliação nutricional deste grupo.(AU)

Introduction: In the screening of individuals at risk of developing cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome, anthropometry emerges as an alternative to the Body Mass Index (BMI), which can be used to evaluate body composition and perimeters, the ability of anthropometric measures, especially the neck circumference (PP) to predict cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in adolescents, was verified. Methods: Data on glycemia, total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides and blood pressure were collected from 85 adolescents aged 11 to 15 from public schools in Alegre (ES). The percentage of body fat (%GC) was evaluated by bipolar vertical bioimpedance. Results: Based on the ROC curve the anthropometric variables perimeter of the neck (CP), PC, BMI and %GC were shown to be effective in the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome, mainly PP. Regarding nutritional status, 76%, 21% and 30%, respectively, presented eutrophy, excess weight and high% GC. The %GC, waist circumference (PC) and waist-to-height ratio (RCE) were higher in females than in males. Total cholesterol presented the highest percentage of inadequacy (37%), followed by triglycerides (18%). The overall prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 2.35%, being observed only in the male sex (6.25%). Conclusion: PP, BMI, %GC, PC and CER are good predictors of metabolic changes in adolescents, so these measures should be used together in the nutritional assessment of this group.(AU)

Factores de riesgo nutricionales asociados al Síndrome Metabólico en personal militar de la Fuerza Aérea de Cochabamba, Bolivia / Nutritional risk factors associated with Metabolic Syndrome in military personnel of the Air Force Cochabamba, Bolivia

Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo asociados al sindrome metabólico en personal militar de la Fuerza Aérea Boliviana. Metodos: se realizó un estudió observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, en personal militar activo de la II Brigada Aérea Boliviana, con una muestra de 204 personas; a los cuales se aplicó una encuesta sobre factores de riesgo metabólico, de manera individual, seguidas de un examen físico-antropométrico y la toma de una muestra sanguínea para la valoración del perfil lipídico y perfil glicemico; en base a la metodología Pasos (STEP´s) de la OPS/OMS, adecuados para Bolivia. Resultados: en relación a los factores de riesgo del síndrome metabólico se encontró que, el sobrepeso en sus diferentes grados es uno de los factores que predominan (50%) así como la obesidad (22%); y la cintura de riesgo elevado (57%) y muy elevado (19%); asociado al perfil glicémico alterado en un 4%, y el perfil lipidico alterado en cerca del 40% del personal (trigicéridos=43%; HDL=18%; LDL=34% y colesterol total=40%). Conclusiones: la salud y estado nutricional del personal militar de la Fuerza Aerea esta siendo afectada por varios aspectos como la actividad física insuficiente, hábitos alimentarios inadecuados.

Objective: the objective was to determine the prevalence of risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome. Methods: a population of 204 patients military assets, to which an individual survey was applied and blood sample was taken where lipid profile, glycemic profile, taking blood pressure was assessed was studied and evaluation of nutritional status. Results: several variables were analyzed in relation to risk factors of metabolic syndrome, and found that being overweight at different degrees is one of the factors that stand out, with high values of lipid profile. Conclusions: the health and nutritional status of military personnel of the Air Force is being affected by several aspects such as physical activity, diet and but.

Avaliação da destreza manual em indivíduos com artrite reumatoide / Evaluation of manual dexterity in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis

Objetivo: Analisar a destreza manual de pacientes com AR em função do nível de atividade da doença. Métodos: Foram avaliados 23 indivíduos com AR, com média de idade de 54,78 ± 12,54 anos. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a uma entrevista para coleta dos dados de identificação e história clínica, coleta de sangue para análise da Proteína C-Reativa, determinação do nível de atividade da doença por meio do Disease Activity Score (DAS-28) e avaliação da destreza manual pelo Moberg Picking-Up Test (MPUT). Para descartar problemas de sensibilidade tátil dos indivíduos, foi aplicado o teste de sensibilidade dos monofilamentos de Semmes-Weinstein. Resultados: Foi observado que o grupo classificado em moderada atividade da doença apresentou maior tempo para execução do MPUT com olhos abertos na mão dominante, quando comparado ao grupo em baixa atividade. O grupo em alta atividade da doença também demorou mais para realizar o MPUT com os olhos fechados na mão dominante, em comparação ao grupo em baixa atividade. Adicionalmente, houve uma correlação positiva entre o DAS-28 e o tempo de realização do MPUT com os olhos fechados na mão dominante. Conclusão: A destreza manual de indivíduos com AR pode estar prejudicada em função do nível de atividade da doença, repercutindo na dificuldade para a realização das atividades de vida diária. Estes dados podem contribuir para a determinação de estratégias de tratamento visando a melhoria da qualidade de vida de pacientes com AR

Objective: To analyze the manual dexterity of patients with RA based on the level of disease activity. Methods: The study evaluated twenty-three individuals with RA, of both sexes, aged 54.78 (± 12.54) years. All participants underwent an interview for data collection for identification and medical history, blood collection for dosage of C-reactive protein (CRP), determination of disease activity level through the Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS-28), and evaluation of manual dexterity with the Moberg Pickup Test (MPUT). The Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments were applied to discard any problems of tactile sensitivity. Results: It was observed that the group ranked as having moderate disease activity took longer to perform the MPUT with the dominant hand and open eyes, in comparison with the group ranked as having low disease activity. The group ranked as having high disease activity also took longer to perform the MPUT with the dominant hand and closed eyes, in comparison with the group ranked as having low disease activity. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the DAS-28 and the time to perform the MPUT with the dominant hand and closed eyes. Conclusion: Manual dexterity can be impaired by the level of disease activity in individuals with RA, generating difficulties in performing activities of daily living. These results can contribute to identifying better treatment strategies in order to improve the quality of life of these patients

Comparison of Red Blood Cell Hemolysis Using Plasma and Serum Separation Tubes for Outpatient Specimens

BACKGROUND: To rapidly obtain outpatient results, we use plasma separation tubes (PST) for chemistry analysis. If lactate dehydrogenase measurement is required, serum separation tubes (SST) are used. There has been no evaluation of hemolysis with these tubes. We compared the hemolytic index (HI) obtained by using PST and SST and applied this for choosing appropriate tubes for clinical laboratories. METHODS: The HI of specimens obtained from outpatients visiting Asan Medical Center between July and December 2012 was analyzed. The HI was scored from 0 to 10 by using the Toshiba 200FR (Toshiba Medical Systems Co., Japan). HI was classified by sample tube type, and significant hemolysis was defined as a HI of 2 or more. For significant hemolysis cases, medical records were reviewed to identify the causes. RESULTS: Among 171,519 specimens, significant hemolysis was observed in 0.66% of specimens (0.68% of PST specimens, 0.46% of SST specimens). The mean HI in PST was 0.18 (SD: 0.43) and that in SST was 0.14 (SD: 0.37). The proportion of significant hemolysis was significantly higher in PST than in SST (P=0.001). The cause of significant hemolysis was identified as chemotherapy and prosthetic valve in 48.1% of specimens. Complex sampling errors may have caused significant hemolysis in the remaining 51.9% of specimens. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of hemolysis was slightly higher for PST than SST, although both were <1%. PST are thought to be more useful than SST in outpatient testing because of rapid turnaround time, greater sample volume, and less risk of random errors due to fibrin strands.

Accuracy of capillary blood 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate determination for the detection and treatment of canine diabetic ketoacidosis

In human medicine, diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is usually based on measurement of capillary 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) with a hand held ketone sensor. This study was conducted to determine if measurement of capillary 3-HB could be useful for the diagnosis and monitoring of canine DKA. Fifteen dogs with diabetic ketosis and 10 with DKA were evaluated. Paired measurements of 3-HB of capillary and venous blood samples were analysed by the electrochemical sensor and reference method. Use of capillary 3-HB measurement during DKA management was then evaluated through simultaneous measurements of capillary 3-HB, urinary AcAc and venous blood gas analysis. Good agreement between capillary and venous 3-HB measurement was detected by the electrochemical sensor and reference method. Monitoring treatment of DKA revealed a significant correlation between capillary 3-HB and acidosis markers, while no significant correlation was observed between AcAc and acidosis markers. A cut-off value of capillary blood 3-HB >3.8 mmol/L for diagnosis of DKA resulted in 70% and 92% sensitivity and specificity. The electrochemical sensor accurately measures 3-HB concentration in both capillary and venous blood samples, is accurate in diagnosing canine DKA, and appears to reflect the patient's metabolic status during DKA treatment.

Estudio de dos sistemas de transporte para mantener la viabilidad de bacterias de interés clínico / Study of the ability of two swab transport systems to maintain viability of clinically important bacteria / Estudo de dois sistemas de transporte para manter a viabilidade de bactérias de interesse clínico

Se compararon dos dispositivos de conservación de muestras tomadas por hisopado con cepas de referencia de Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae y Streptococcus pneumoniae (ambos con medio de Stuart). El dispositivo Copan Venturi Transystem® (Copan Italia Spa, Brescia, Italia) resultó ser significativamente más efectivo que el Eurotubo (Deltalab, Rubí, Barcelona, España) probablemente porque la estrangulación que presenta al comienzo de la columna semisólida (sistema tipo Venturi) permitiría una mejor conservación de los microorganismos.

Two extendedly-used swab transport devices with Stuart medium using Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Streptococcus pneumoniae reference strains, were compared. Copan Venturi Transystem® (Copan Italia Spa, Brescia, Italy) was significantly more effective than Eurotubo (Deltalab, Rubí, Barcelona, Spain), probably because the narrowing of the tube, just at the beginning of the semisolid column (Venturi system), would yield a better conservation of diffrerent organisms.

Foram comparados dois dispositivos de conservação de amostras tomadas por swab com cepas de referência de Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae e Streptococcus pneumoniae (ambos com meio de Stuart). O dispositivo Copan Venturi Transystem® (Copan Italia Spa, Brescia, Itália) resultou ser significativamente mais efetivo que o Eurotubo (Deltalab, Rubí, Barcelona, Espanha) provavelmente porque o estrangulamento que apresenta no início da coluna semi-sólida (sistema tipo Venturi) permitiria uma melhor conservação dos microorganismos.

A Comparison of the Rates of Hemolysis and Repeated Blood Sampling using Syringe needles versus Vacuum tube needles in the Emergency Department

PURPOSE: This study was done to compare the rates of hemolysis and repeated sampling in blood samples obtained by a syringe needle versus a vacuum tube needle. METHODS: A randomized, prospective study was used to evaluate the differences between the two blood sampling methods. The study group consisted of patients seen in the emergency department (ED) for blood sampling to determine electrolyte level. ED patients were randomly assigned to either the syringe group or the vacuum tube group. All blood samples were collected by experienced ED nurses and hemolysis was determined by experienced laboratory technologists. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test and binary logistic regression. RESULTS: One hundred forty-five valid samples were collected (74 in the syringe group versus 71 in the vacuum tube group). 5 of 74 (6.8%) blood samples in the syringe group and 8 of 71 (11.3%) in the vacuum tube group hemolyzed. Repeated blood sampling occurred for 2 of 74 (2.7%) and 3 of 71 (4.2%) in each group respectively. There were no significant differences in rates of hemolysis and repeated sampling between two groups (B=1.97, p=.204; B=2.36, p=.345). CONCLUSION: Venipuncture with syringe needles can be recommended for ED nurses to obtain blood samples.

Seroepidemiological study of human cysticercosis with blood samples collected on filter paper, in Lages, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2004-2005 / Estudo soroepidemiológico da cisticercose humana com amostras de sangue total coletado em papel filtro, em Lages, Estado de Santa Catarina, 2004-2005

INTRODUCTION: Human serofrequency of antibodies against Taenia solium antigens was determined and risk factors for cysticercosis transmission were identified. METHODS: Individuals (n=878) from periurban and rural locations of Lages, SC, were interviewed to gather demographic, sanitary and health information. Interviews and blood sample collections by finger prick on Whatman filter paper were performed from August 2004 to May 2005. Observation determined that 850 samples were suitable for analysis and were tested by ELISA using vesicular fluid of Taenia crassiceps heterologous antigen. To ensure the reliability of the results, 77 samples of the dried blood were matched with sera. The reactive samples were submitted to a serum confirmatory immunoblot (IB) test using purified Taenia crassiceps glycoproteins. RESULTS: The ELISA results for the dried blood and serum samples were statistically consistent. ELISA was positive in 186 (21.9 percent) out of 850 individuals. A group of 213 individuals were asked to collect vein blood for IB (186 with positive result in ELISA and 27 with inappropriate whole blood samples) and 130 attended the request. The IB was positive in 29 (3.4 percent) out of 850 individuals. A significant correlation (p = 0.0364) was determined among individuals who tested positive in the IB assay who practiced both pig rearing and kitchen gardening. CONCLUSIONS: ELISA with dried blood eluted from filter paper was suitable for cysticercosis population surveys. In Lages, human infection was associated with pig rearing and kitchen gardening. The prevalence index was compatible with other Latin American endemic areas.

INTRODUÇÃO: O primeiro levantamento sobre cisticercose humana e identificação dos fatores de risco associados à transmissão, foram realizados em Lages, SC. MÉTODOS: Oitocentos e setenta e sete voluntários de regiões periurbana e rural foram entrevistados e forneceram informações demográficas e condições sanitárias e de saúde. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas por meio de punção digital em papel filtro entre agosto 2004 e maio 2005. Verificou-se que 850 amostras estavam adequadas para análise. No ELISA, utilizou-se o antígeno heterólogo liquido vesicular de Taenia crassiceps. Para assegurar a confiabilidade dos resultados de ELISA, foram pareadas 77 amostras de soro e sangue eluido do papel filtro. A confirmação do diagnóstico sorológico foi feita por immunoblot (IB) com glicoproteínas purificadas de Taenia crassiceps. RESULTADOS: A reatividade de IgG eluída de sangue em papel filtro mostrou-se compatível com a dos soros correspondentes. A triagem por ELISA de 850 indivíduos revelou 186 (21,9 por cento) positivos. De 213 pessoas convidadas a colher soro para IB (186 ELISA positivo e 27 com amostras de sangue total inadequadas), compareceram 130. O IB foi positivo em 29 (3,4 por cento) de 850 amostras. Houve correlação significativa entre IB positivo e a prática de criação de suínos e de horta caseira (p = 0,0364). CONCLUSÕES: ELISA com sangue total em papel filtro mostrou-se adequado para inquéritos populacionais para cisticercose. A transmissão da cisticercose humana na área estudada mostrou correlação com criação suína domestica e horta caseira. A prevalência obtida foi semelhante à relatada em áreas endêmicas da América Latina.

Níveis séricos de 25-hidroxi vitamina D em pacientes portadores de insuficiência renal crônica em tratamento dialítico / 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in chronic kidney disease patients on dialysis therapy

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A contribuição da deficiência de vitamina D para o desenvolvimento do hiperparatireoidismo secundário e da osteodistrofia renal motiva a racional suplementação de vitamina D. A sua deficiência tem sido associada,ainda, a elevado risco cardiovascular. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os níveis séricos de 25-hidroxi vitamina D em pacientes portadores de insuficiência renal terminal em terapia dialítica.MÉTODO: Dados clínicos e laboratoriais foram coletados em novembro de 2009 em 168 pacientes em terapia dialítica em um único centro. Os níveis séricos de 25-hidroxi vitamina D foram medidos utilizando o método automatizado de imunoensaio desenvolvido por DiaSorin. De acordo com o Kidney Disease Outcomes and Quality Initiative Guidelines, os pacientes foram classificados em três grupos: suficientes (> 30 ng/mL), insuficientes(15 a 30 ng/mL); e deficientes (< 15 ng/mL). A prevalência de deficiência ou insuficiência de vitamina D foi calculada. Para comparar as variáveis foram usados os seguintes testes: Qui-quadrado,Exato de Fisher e t de Student. O coeficiente de correlação de Spearman foi utilizado para variáveis contínuas. O valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.RESULTADOS: A média ± desvio padrão de 25-hidroxi vitaminaD foi 23,8 ± 13,3 ng/mL. A prevalência de deficiência devitamina D foi de 23,9% e de insuficiência foi de 47,8%. Quando se compararam as diferenças entre homens e mulheres, idade,albumina e fósforo foram inferiores nas mulheres (p < 0,05). Os níveis de 25-hidroxi vitamina D foram significantemente inferiores em pacientes em diálise peritoneal quando comparados aos em hemodiálise (p < 0,05). Na análise univariada houve pequena correlação positiva entre 25-hidroxi vitamina D e Kt/V.CONCLUSÃO: Os níveis de 25-hidroxi vitamina D foram baixos nesta população. Estudos prospectivos para avaliar o impacto desta deficiência se fazem necessários.(AU)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The contribution of vitamin D deficiency to the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy contributes the rationale for vitamin D supplementation. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with elevated cardiovascular risk. This study aimed investigates the serum levels of vitamin D among patients undergoing dialysis.METHOD: In November 2009, we examined clinical and laboratory data from 168 patients in dialytic therapy in a unit. Serum level of vitamin D was included in laboratory data. Serum levels of vitamin D were measured using an automated, antibody and microparticle, chemiluminescence immunoassay method developedby DiaSorin. According to the Kidney Disease Outcomes and Quality Initiative guidelines, patients were assigned to thefollowing 3 groups: sufficient vitamin D serum level (> 30 ng/mL), insufficient level (15 to 30 ng/mL) and with severe deficiency(< 15 ng/mL). Prevalence of deficiency or insufficiency of vitamin D was calculated. To compare the variables were usedthe Chi-square, Fisher Exact or Student's t tests. Spearman correlation coefficient was used for continuous variables. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS: Patient's serum vitamin D mean level was 23.8 ± 13.3 ng/mL. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 23.9%. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency was 47.8%. When compared differences between men and women, age, albumin and phosphorus were inferior in women (p < 0.05). Levels of vitamin D were greatly inferior in peritoneal dialysis when compared with hemodialysis (p < 0.05). In the univariate analysis there were weak positive correlations between vitamin D and Kt/V.CONCLUSION: Serum vitamin D levels in this population were low. Prospective studies to assess the impact of low level of vitamin D in patients undergoing dialysis are warranted.(AU)

Transcutaneous bilirubinometry in preterm neonates.

This prospective study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of transcutaneous bilirubinometry in preterm newborns less than 32 weeks of gestation. Serum bilirubin values measured by direct spectrophotometry were considered as standard, the range was 2.2-12.5 mg/dL. 32 jaundiced infants of less than 32 weeks of gestation without phototherapy, including 10 ELBW neonates, were enrolled. Close correlation (R=0.933) existed between total serum bilirubin and transcutaneous bilirubin values measured over sternum.

Evaluation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 antibodies detection in dried whole blood spots (dbs) samples / Pesquisa de anticorpos contra o vírus da imunodeficiência humana tipos 1 e 2 em amostras de sangue seco coletadas em papel filtro

Human Immunodeficiency Vírus Type 1 and 2 antibodies detection was performed in 457 dried whole blood spots samples (S&S 903). Q-Preven HIV 1+2 was the screening test used. The results were compared with the gold standard serum tests by ELISA (Cobas Core e Axsym HIV1/2 gO) and imunofluorescence was the definitive confirmatory test. The samples were obtained from the Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição in Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil, through whole blood transfer to filter paper card and sent to Caxias do Sul, RS - Brazil where the tests were performed. The dried whole blood spot stability was evaluated with two different panels. The first one was composed of five negative and five positive samples stored at room temperature, 4 ºC, -20 ºC and -70 ºC, while the second was composed of two negative and three positive samples stored at 37 ºC (humidity <50 percent). Each sample was screened every week for six weeks. These measurement results didn't show variation during the study period. The detected sensibility was 100 percent, specificity was 99.6 percent, the positive predictive value was 99.5 percent and negative predictive values were 100 percent. The results demonstrated high performance characteristics, opening a new perspective of dried whole blood spot utilization in HIV screening diagnosis.

Foram realizados 457 testes para detectar anticorpos contra o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana tipos 1 e 2, em amostras de sangue total seco coletadas em papel filtro (S&S 903), com o teste de triagem Q-Preven HIV 1+2, comparando-se com os resultados dos testes de triagem no soro (Cobas Core e Axsym HIV1/2 gO), sendo a imunofluorescência indireta o teste confirmatório. As amostras foram obtidas no Hospital Conceição em Porto Alegre, pela transferência de sangue total para cartão de papel filtro e encaminhadas para Caxias do Sul para a realização dos testes. Foi analisada a estabilidade da amostra em papel filtro com a utilização de dois painéis: o primeiro com cinco amostras negativas e cinco positivas armazenadas por seis semanas à temperatura ambiente, 4 ºC, -20 ºC e -70 ºC; o segundo com duas negativas e três positivas armazenadas por seis semanas com avaliações semanais a 37 ºC (umidade <50 por cento). Os resultados de todas as amostras testadas foram mantidos. A sensibilidade foi de 100 por cento, a especificidade de 99,6 por cento, o valor preditivo positivo de 99,5 por cento e o valor preditivo negativo de 100 por cento. O excelente desempenho observado na análise da utilização de sangue seco em papel filtro, abre uma nova perspectiva no diagnóstico da infecção pelo HIV.

Estabilidad de muestras conservadas en tubo primario: un estudio de 25 analitos de química clínica / Stability of specimens stored in primary tube: a study on 25 analytes of clinical chemistry

Se estudió la estabilidad de veinticinco analitos conservados durante siete días en dos tipos de tubos primarios: tubos de polimetilmetaacrilato (PMMA) con gránulos y tubos con gel separador, ambos con acelerador de la coagulación. El objetivo fue determinar en qué tubo los analitos tenían mayor estabilidad y como consecuencia, cuánto tiempo podían conservarse las muestras en ambos tubos. Las muestras fueron conservadas en el tubo primario a 4-8 ºC y se analizaron por duplicado diariamente durante siete días. La estabilidad de los analitos se determinó comparando los resultados de los siete días con los valores obtenidos el primer día y los límites de aceptabilidad derivaron del coeficiente de variación (CV) de cada determinación, de la variabilidad biológica (VB) intraindividual y de un análisis multivariado de varianza MANOVA. Los promedios de aldolasa, fósforo, glucosa, lactatodehidrogenasa, potasio y sodio cuando la muestra se conservó con gránulos, tuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al compararlos con los promedios de los mismos analitos conservados en gel; resultados similares se obtuvieron cuando se tomó como límite de aceptabilidad el CV y la VB intraindividual. Cada laboratorio debería establecer la estabilidad de sus analitos según el tubo primario utilizado, con el objetivo de responder a no conformidades que requieran el procesamiento de analitos sobre muestras previamente extraídas en el caso de que éstas se conserven en tubo primario.

The stability of 25 analytes during a seven-day storage in two different kinds of tubes was studied. PMMA (polimetilmetaacrilate) tubes contain a clotting activator (glass particles) and the other tubes contain a gel barrier. The aim was to determine the analytes' stability in both kinds of tubes and, as a consequence, to determine the optimal time for storage of the samples in the primary tube. The specimens were maintained at 4-8 ºC and analyzed in duplicate during seven days. The analytes' stability was determined by comparing the results obtained each day with those obtained on the first day. The significant change limits were based on the determination of the variation coefficient, on the biological variation and on statistically significant changes using a MANOVA test. Mean values of aldolasa, phosphate, glucose, lactic dehydrogenase, potassium and sodium stored in tubes with a clotting activator had statistical differences in comparison with the mean values of the same analytes stored with a gel barrier. Each laboratory should investigate the specific analytes' stability according to the collection device used.

Comparison of Two New Plastic Tubes (Sekisui INSEPACK and Green Cross Green Vac-Tube) with BD Vacutainer Tubes for 49 Analytes / 대한진단검사의학회지

BACKGROUND: Becton Dickinson (BD) Vacutainer tubes are the most widely used vacuum system for collection of blood in clinical laboratories. We compared the performance of two new tubes, Sekisui INSEPACK tube and Green Cross Green Vac-Tube, with the existing BD Vacutainer tubes for 49 common analytes. METHODS: A total of 20 apparently healthy volunteers were recruited for this study. For rountine chemistry and thyroid function tests, we compared the results of two new vacutainer tubes and BD Vacutainer tubes with those of BD glass tubes at t =0 hr by student paired t test. Hematology and coagulation test results of the two new vacutainer tubes were compared with those of BD Vacutainer tubes at t =0 hr. To study the stability of each analyte, results at t =24 +/- 2 hr, t =72 +/- 2 hr, and t =168 +/- 2 hr were compared with those at t =0 hr for each tube. RESULTS: Although paired t test analysis revealed statistically significant differences between two tested tubes and existing BD Vacutainer tube in several tests (total protein, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, uric acid, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, direct bilirubin, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine), these differences were not considered clinically significant. Stability of two new vacuum tubes for each analyte was similar to that of the BD Vacutainer tube. CONCLUSIONS: Sekisui INSEPACK tube and Green Cross Green-Vac Tube showed a satisfactory analytical performance compared with existing BD Vacutainer tubes. We conclude that these two new plastic vacutainer tubes are acceptable for the commonly ordered laboratory tests.

Comparison of blood specimens from plain and gel vacuum blood collection tubes.

This study was set in the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Chulalongkorn Hospital. All 2,000 blood specimens were randomly collected using evacuated blood collection by plain or gel vacuum tubes. After collection, each specimen was considered and judged using criteria of specimen rejection to determine how proper the specimen presentations were. All data were reviewed, collected and interpreted. It revealed that there were only 20 (1%) improper specimens and all were improper in quality. There was no significant difference between the ratio of improper specimens in both groups (P > 0.30). From this study, it revealed that efficacy of both types of vacuum tubes was not different. The new gel vacuum tube seems to be an effective tool in the evacuated blood collection system due to its advantage in reduction of time in specimen processing.

Determinación de gases en sangre: análisis de los eventuales factores de error pre-analíticos / Blood gases determination: analysis of the eventual pre-analytic error factors

La determinación de gases en sangre arterial o venosa es un examen de laboratorio de gran utilidad práctica en el manejo de una serie de importantes patologías y que se realiza con alta frecuencia. Entre sus errores sólo un 10 por ciento son de naturaleza analítica, en tanto que el 90 por ciento reconocen causas pre-analíticas, entre las cuales destacan la forma de transporte de la muestra y el tiempo que transcurre entre la toma y el procesamiento. Ambos factores deben controlarse